Et bien évidemment aucun document n'est disponible sur le sujet au Ministère de l'Ecologie!
http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/
Autre source d'information sur l'approche de nos édiles:
http://www.lecese.fr/images/stories/Saisines/saisineoutre_mer_2501111.pdf
March 2011
Executive Summary
Verso Economics
Richard Marsh & Tom Miers
Executive Summary
I. This report examines the costs and benefits of government policy to support the
renewable energy industry in Scotland and the UK. The Scottish Government in
particular is promoting the renewables sector as an economic opportunity, and the
purpose of this report is to assess whether this is justified. The report therefore does
not investigate measures designed to reduce carbon emissions directly, nor does it
consider the merits of renewable technology as part of the attempts to slow climate
change.
II. The report's key finding is that for every job created in the UK in renewable
energy, 3.7 jobs are lost. In Scotland there is no net benefit from government
support for the sector, and probably a small net loss of jobs.
III. The lower level of job displacement in Scotland is because of the greater
concentration of renewable energy generation in Scotland. This means that
electricity consumers and UK taxpayers subsidised the Scottish industry by c
£330m in 2009/10 over and above subsidies paid for by Scottish taxpayers and
consumers. To the extent that the Scottish industry is a success, it is reliant on the
wider UK policy making framework, in particular the Renewables Obligation
Certificate (ROC) scheme.
IV. The main policy tool used to promote renewable energy generation is the
Renewables Obligation, which effectively raises the market price paid for electricity
from renewable sources. This scheme cost electricity consumers £1.1bn in the UK
and around £100m in Scotland in 2009/10. The UK government plans similar
schemes to promote renewable heat and renewable fuels.
V. In addition, both the UK and Scottish Governments have introduced a wide range of
grants and subsidies for the renewables industry. These are estimated at £188m UK
wide and an additional £22m in Scotland in 2009/10. Further, an exemption from the
Climate Change Levy for renewable generation costs HMRC £77m UK wide and
£25m in Scotland in lost tax revenue.
VI. The renewable energy sector imposes other indirect costs on the economy, mainly
from its impact on the local environment and landscape. While there has been some
research into aspects of this, there is no conclusive data, so these costs are not
included in the calculations used in this report. In total, measurable policies to
promote renewable energy cost £1.4bn UK wide and £168m in Scotland in 2009/10.
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VII. A number of studies have attempted to measure the wider impacts of such policies.
Research in Spain, Germany and by the EU suggests that net employment effects
are negative with the likely opportunity cost, or costs associated with higher energy
prices, outstripping the creation of green jobs. Many of these studies cite possible
localised benefits during the construction phase of renewable energy infrastructure
and the potential for longer term benefits if export markets can be established.
VIII. This report uses the Scottish Government's own macroeconomic model for Scotland
to assess the impact of identified costs on jobs. A similar model was used by the
Scottish Government to measure the opportunity cost of the cut in VAT implemented
in 2008-09. Based on this, policy to promote renewable energy in the UK has an
opportunity cost of 10,000 direct jobs in 2009/10 and 1,200 jobs in Scotland.
IX. The economic benefits that derive from the renewable energy sector are hard to
assess because the industry is difficult to measure as a clearly-defined sector.
However, employment figures cited by those promoting renewable energy are often
greatly exaggerated, exceeding official employment figures covering the whole of the
energy sector.
X. Extrapolating from wider energy industry data, and comparing this to estimates from
government and industry bodies, total direct employment in renewable energy
generation can be estimated at 2,700 in the UK and 1,100 in Scotland in 2009/10.
XI. In conclusion, policy to promote the renewable electricity sector in both Scotland and
the UK is economically damaging. Government should not see this as an economic
opportunity, therefore, but should focus debate instead on whether these costs, and
the damage done to the environment, are worth the candle in terms of climate change
mitigation.
XII. In Scotland, it should be recognised that the industry is reliant on UK wide support.
Scottish policy making in isolation would be much more expensive. The Scottish
Government, like its counterparts in the rest of the UK, should establish much more
accurate figures on the extent of the industry to engender a more rational debate on
the subject.