Les articles de votre blog ici ? Inscrivez votre blog !

Antidépresseurs = Placebo ? (3ème partie/3)

Publié le 30 mai 2010 par Frédéric Duval-Levesque

Deuxième partie ici

Le syndrôme de sevrage aux antidépresseurs

Comme l’akathisie le syndrôme de sevrage peut entraîner des pulsions meurtrières et des suicides. Les suicides étant cette fois entraînés. 50 % à 78% environ est le nombre de personnes sujettes a un syndrôme de sevrage (il varie selon les molécules) . Certains laboratoires ont été condamnés pour avoir caché cette dépendance (deroxat / seroxat / paxil par exemple). Le syndrôme prolongé de sevrage aux antidépresseurs (pouvant durer des mois ou des années) n’est pas encore reconnu en France.

Antidépresseur et acte suicidaire

Les études établissant un lien entre le risque suicidaire et la consommation d’antidépresseur sont nombreuses.

Alors que certaines études indiqueraient une réduction du taux de suicide lié à un diagnostic et une prise en charge de la dépression, d’autres tendent à montrer une augmentation significative mais faible du risque de passage à l’acte suicidaire essentiellement chez l’adulte jeune et des présomptions de risques augmentés chez les enfants et les adolescents. Ce risque de passage à l’acte suicidaire est surtout présent en début de traitement, principalement dans la période de latence, entre le début du traitement et le début des effets sur l’humeur du patient, ce qui a motivé une note d’avertissement de la FDA américaine en 2004. Ces faits restent controversés : le nombre de suicide ne semble pas, en particulier, corrélé avec le nombre de prescriptions d’antidépresseurs. De plus, la plupart des études excluent les dépressifs graves, avec un risque suicidaire maximal et pour lesquels le traitement antidépresseur aurait une efficacité maximale sur le taux de suicides, la mise de ces derniers sous placebo posant des problèmes d’éthique.

Pour toute information, précise, concernant une aide ou un soutien psychologique, ou une thérapie pour guérir, cliquez ici. Un entretien gratuit de 30 à 45 minutes vous est aussi proposé, sans engagement

Sources et réferences

  1. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical practice guideline No 23. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence. 670 p.
  2. Kirsch I, Moore TJ, Scoboria A, Nicholls SS (2002) The emperor’s new drugs: an analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prev Treat. 5 article 23. Available: http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/v ​olume5/pre0050023a.html. Accessed 15 July 2002.
  3. Angst J (1993) Severity of depression and benzodiazepine co-medication in relationship to efficacy of antidepressants in acute trials: a meta-analysis of moclobemide trials. Hum Psychopharmacol 8: 401–407.
  4. Khan A, Leventhal R, Khan S, et al. (2002) Severity of depression and response to antidepressants and placebo: an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database. J Clin Psychopharmacol 22: 40–45.
  5. Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B (2003) Evidence b(i)ased medicine—selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications. BMJ 326: 1171–1173.
  6. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (1987) Guidance for industry: guideline for the format and content of the summary for new drug and antibiotic applications. Rockville (Maryland): U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Food and Drug Administration. Available: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/old038f ​n.pdf. Accessed 27 October 2007.
  7. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). 5 US Congress. 552 (1994 & Supp. II 1996).
  8. (1996) Guidance for industry: good clinical practice: consolidated guidance. Rockville (Maryland): U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Food and Drug Administration. Available: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/959fnl. ​pdf. Accessed 27 October 2007.
  9. (1977) Guidance for industry: guidelines for the clinical evaluation of antidepressant drugs. Rockville (Maryland): U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Food and Drug Administration. Available: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/old050f ​n.pdf. Accessed 27 October 2007.
  10. Gibbons RD, Hedeker DR, Davis JM (1993) Estimation of effect size from a series of experiments involving paired comparisons. J Educ Stat 18: 271–279.
  11. Lipsey MW, Wilson DB (2001) Practical meta-analysis. Applied social research methods. Thousand Oaks (California): Sage Publications. 247 p.
  12. Bond CF, Wiitala WL, Richard FD (2003) Meta-analysis of raw mean differences. Psychol Methods 8: 206–418.
  13. Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A (2006) Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. J Clin Epidemiol 59: 7–10.
  14. Thiessen-Philbrook H, Barrowman N, Garg AX (2007) Imputing variance estimates do not alter the conclusions of a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes: a case study of changes in renal function after living kidney donation. J Clin Epidemiol 60: 228–240.
  15. Hedges LV, Olkin I (1985) Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press. 369 p.
  16. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG (2002) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Educ Debate 327: 557–560.
  17. Huedo-Medina TB, Johnson BT (2007) I2 is subject to the same statistical power problems as Cochran’s Q [Letter]. BMJ. Available: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/327/7414 ​/557. Accessed 23 January 2008.
  18. Thompson SG, Smith TC, Sharp SJ (1997) Investigating underlying risk as a source of heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Stat Med 16: 2741–2758.
  19. Hedges LV, Pigott TD (2004) The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis. Psychol Methods 9: 426–445.
  20. Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML (1981) Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills (California): Sage Publications. 279 p.
  21. American Psychiatric Association.Task Force for the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures (2000) Handbook of psychiatric measures. Washington (D. C.): American Psychiatric Association. 820 p.
  22. Thornton A, Lee P (2000) Publication bias in meta-analysis: its causes and consequences. J Clin Epidemiol 53: 207–216.
  23. Hansen RA, Gartlehner G, Lohr KN, Gaynes BN, Carey TS (2005) Efficacy and safety of second-generation antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Ann Intern Med 143: 415–426.
  24. Evans FJ (1974) The placebo response in pain reduction. Adv Neurol 4: 289–296.
  25. Benedetti F, Arduino C, Amanzio M (1999) Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia. J Neurosci 19: 3639–3648.
  26. Evans FG (1985) Expectancy, therapeutic instructions, and the placebo response. In: White L, Tursky B, Schwartz GE, editors. Placebo: theory, research and mechanisms. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 215–228.
  27. Fabre LF, Crimson L (1985) Efficacy of fluoxetine in outpatients with major depression. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 37: 115–123.
  28. Stark P, Hardison CD (1985) A review of multicenter controlled studies of fluoxetine vs. imipramine and placebo in outpatients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 46: 53–58.
  29. Dunlop SR, Dornseif BE, Wernike JF, Potvin JH (1990) Pattern analysis shows beneficial effect of fluoxetine treatment in major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 173–180.
  30. Rudolph RL, Fabre LF, Feighner JP, Rickels K, Entsuah R, et al. (1998) A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial of venlafaxine hydrochloride in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 5: 116–122.
  31. Ballenger J (1996) Clinical evaluation of venlafaxine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16(Suppl 2): 29S–36S.
  32. Schweizer E, Feighner J, Mandos LA, Rickels K (1994) Comparison of venlafaxine and imipramine in the acute treatment of major depression in outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 55: 104–108.
  33. Cunningham LA, Borison RL, Carman JS, Chouinard G, Crowder JE, et al. (1994) A comparison of venlafaxine, trazodone, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 14: 99–106.
  34. Kelsey JE (1996) Dose-response relationship with venlafaxine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16(Suppl 2): 21S–26S.
  35. Mendels J, Johnston R, Mattes J, Riesenberg R (1993) Efficacy and safety of b.i.d. doses of venlafaxine in a dose-response study. Psychopharmacol Bull 29: 169–174.
  36. Guelfi JD, White C, Hackett D, Guichoux JY, Magni G (1995) Effectiveness of venlafaxine in patients hospitalized for major depression and melancholia. J Clin Psychiatry 56: 450–458.
  37. Fintaine R, Ontiveros A, Elie R, Kensler TT, Roberts DL, et al. (1994) A double-blind comparison of nefazodone, imipramine, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 55: 234–241.
  38. Mendels J, Reimherr F, Marcus RN, Roberts DL, Francis RJ, et al. (1995) A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of two dose ranges of nefazodone in the treatment of depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 56(Suppl 6): 30–36.
  39. D’Amico MF, Roberts DL, Robinson DS, Schwiderski UE, Copp J (1990) Placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial designs in phase II development of nefazodone. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 147–150.
  40. Rickels K, Schweizer E, Clary C, Fox I, Weise C (1994) Nefazodone and imipramine in major depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Brit J Psychiatry 164: 802–805.
  41. Rickels K, Amsterdam J, Clary C, Fox I, Schweizer E, et al. (1989) A placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial of paroxetine in depressed outpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80(Suppl 350): 117–123.
  42. Rickels K, Amsterdam J, Clary C, Fox I, Schweizer E, et al. (1992) The efficacy and safety of paroxetine compared with placebo in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 30–32.
  43. Claghorn J (1992) A double-blind comparison of paroxetine and placebo in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 6(Suppl 4): 25–30.
  44. Claghorn J (1992) The safety and efficacy of paroxetine compared with placebo in a double-blind trial of depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 33–35.
  45. Smith WT, Glaudin V (1992) A placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 36–39.
  46. Kiev A (1992) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of paroxetine in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 27–29.
  47. Feighner JP, Boyer WF (1989) Paroxetine in the treatment of depression: a comparison with imipramine and placebo. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80(Suppl 350): 125–129.
  48. Feighner JP, Boyer WF (1992) Paroxetine in the treatment of depression: a comparison with imipramine and placebo. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 44–47.
  49. Cohn JB, Crowder JE, Wilcox CS, Ryan PJ (1990) A placebo- and imipramine-controlled study of paroxetine. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 185–189.
  50. Cohn JB, Wilcox CS (1992) Paroxetine in major depression: a double-blind trial with imipramine and placebo. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 52–56.
  51. Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava SHP, Overweg N, Blumhardt CL (1992) A double-blind comparison of paroxetine, imipramine, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 48–51.
  52. Peselow ED, Filippi AM, Goodnick P, Barouche FB, Fieve RR (1989) The short- and long-term efficacy of paroxetine HCl: A. Data from a 6-week double-blind parallel design trial vs. imipramine and placebo. Psychopharmacol Bull 25: 267–271.
  53. Fabre LF (1992) A 6-week, double-blind trial of paroxetine, imipramine, and placebo in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 40–43.
  54. Dunner DL, Dunbar GC (1992) Optimal dose regimen for paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl): 21–26.
  55. Miller SM, Naylor GJ, Murtagh M, Winslow G (1989) A double-blind comparison of paroxetine and placebo in the treatment of depressed patients in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80(Suppl 350): 143–144.
  56. http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045.